What is the legal term "ultra vires" used to describe?

The legal term "ultra vires" specifically refers to actions taken by an individual or organization that are beyond the powers or authority granted to them by law or their governing documents. When an action is deemed ultra vires, it means that the entity acted outside the scope of its legal power, which can result in the action being considered void or unenforceable.

This term is often applied in the context of corporations or governmental entities, where it is crucial that their activities align with the powers conferred upon them. For example, if a corporation makes a contract that it is legally not authorized to enter into, that contract may be challenged as ultra vires and therefore invalid.

The other choices do not accurately capture the meaning of "ultra vires." While methods of legal dispute resolution, types of legal contracts, and administrative approval processes are all important legal concepts, they do not relate to the principle of acting beyond authorized powers.