Which of the following is NOT an element of a civil trial?

In a civil trial, the elements involved typically include opening statements, the presentation of evidence through the plaintiff's case and the defendant's case-in-chief, cross-examination, and closing arguments. Each of these components plays a significant role in the trial process.

Opening statements provide both parties the opportunity to outline their cases to the judge and jury, presenting the essential facts and what they aim to prove. The defendant's case-in-chief is crucial as it is the point where the defendant presents their evidence and witnesses to counter the plaintiff's claims. Cross-examination allows each party to question the other’s witnesses, testing their credibility and the reliability of their testimony. Closing arguments serve as the final opportunity for both sides to summarize their positions and persuade the judge or jury regarding the case’s merits.

The role of the judge is primarily to oversee the proceedings, ensure the law is applied correctly, and maintain order in the courtroom. Thus, the judge does not participate in the case as a witness or be subject to cross-examination. This distinction is why the option related to cross-examination of the judge does not belong to the elements of a civil trial.